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 Electric Vehicle Conversion
"Doing our part to help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels (OIL)."
  D&D Motor Systems is the premier EV motor manufacturer in the U.S. for small to medium light-weight electric vehicle (EV) conversions. In addition we offer a complete line of U.S. made speed controllers to go with our high performance EV motors (motors for electric cars). Kick the oil habit now. It's a lot more practical than you think. This isn't a dream of the future. With a little effort, electric vehicles (EVs) are here today! At a cost you can afford!
 
 
Electric Vehicle Motors | EV Motor | ES-15A | electric car motor
ES-15A-Type
36-72 Volts		 EV Controller | Electric Vehicle Controller | Electric Car Controller | EV motor controller | controller for electric car motor

450 Amp
72 Volts
Download Spec. Sheet
 		 Electric Car Motors | EV Motors | ES-31B | electric motors for cars
ES-31B or ES-63 Type
72-144 Volts
  Want a motor and / or controller? (Fill out as much info. as possible)
 
Popular Vehicles for EV Conversions

• The best candidates for EV conversion are typically small, lightweight vehicles
   similar to the ones pictured below. Click to view details.		  
       
  Geo Metro Jeep Ninja VW Beetle  
  electric car motor | electric motors for car EV motor | electric vehicle motor | ES-31B electric motor vehicles | ev motor | motors for electric vehicles electric motors for cars | EV motor | EV motors  

EV Quick Links
EV Photos
EV Videos
 
Frequently Asked Questions - FAQs  (click question to view answer)
1. Why build an EV?
2. What basic steps are involved?
3. How much will a typical Conversion Cost?
4. How much will I save on gas?
5. Which vehicles are the most commonly used for conversions?
6. What driving range can I expect per charge?
7. How fast will my converted EV go?
8. How do electric cars work?
9. How do I determine the charge state of the batteries?
10. What can I do, to keep the cost per mile as low as possible?
11. How much do batteries weigh?
12. How should I care for the batteries to ensure long life?
13. How long do batteries last before they must be replaced?
14. Why can’t I just use deep-cycle 12-V batteries to save space and weight?
15. Why don't you use Lithium-ion batteries?
16. What size cabling should I use for the high-current connections?
17. Should I use the wing-nut bolt or should I use terminal-post clamps?
18. Can I use an automatic transmission?
19. Why do I need a transmission at all?
20. What kind of meter(s) should I install so I can monitor as I drive?
21. After the conversion, will the vehicle be heavier?
22. Can I make my own adapters (motor-transmission mount, shaft-clutch)?
23. Can I still have air conditioning?
 
1. Why build an EV?
Today there are limited production electric vehicles (EVs) available, so converting an existing internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle to an electric vehicle (EV) might be the best choice available to obtain an EV. Building your own electric vehicle (EV) can be a rewarding and challenging experience. Not only will you be a pioneer in the EV movement, but you will also be recycling a car that may be headed for the junk yard. Don’t wait for Detroit. Custom build an EV yourself. A typical EV conversion will achieve a range of 30-60 miles for each charge. Studies have shown that 80% of commuters travel less than 40 miles per day, and 50% of commuters travel 20 miles (or less) per day. An EV conversion can meet those daily driving needs. EVs are a clean, efficient alternative to conventional vehicles – using technology that is readily available today! EVs produce zero emissions, and when you consider the full fuel cycle to generate electricity, are up to 99% cleaner than gasoline and diesel vehicles. EV owners enjoy the financial benefits of significantly lower fuel and maintenance expenses. Finally, EVs help reduce our dependence on oil.
D&D Motor Systems does not provide complete electric vehicle (EV) conversion kits. We only provide the motor and controller. To obtain complete kits or other components go to our Links section and look under EV Conversions for potential suppliers.
2. What basic steps are involved?
A.Define the purpose of the vehicle.
 Ask yourself the following questions:
 •Why do you want an EV?
 •Where will you drive it?
 •Who else will drive it?
 •How many miles do you require on a daily basis?
 •How often will you drive the vehicle?
 •With or Without passangers?
 •Will your employer allow you to charge at work?
 •How much do you want to spend?
 •How much time do you have for the conversions?
   
B.Evaluate the vehicles manufactured.
 When you start to evaluate the different vehicles, you will find there are mainly 2 classes out there:
 1.Sports cars, such as the Honda CRX, Pontiac Fiero, Toyota MR2, Porsche 914, Fiat X-19, Nissan Pulsar, MGB or MG Midget. Sports cars have limited space and minimal payload capacity.
 2.Passenger cars and vans, such as the Ford Escort, VW Rabbit, VW Beetle, Saturn, Honda Civic and Geo Metro. The payload capacity for a Geo Metro is about 600 lbs.
   
 Each of these classes have their own characteristics with respect to aerodynamic drag, curb weight, Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR), passenger compartment, and available space for batteries.
Table 1 lists typical vehicles under each of these classes and their range using various lead acid battery packs (6V and 12V). Range is a function of battery weight because the battery represents the fuel. Typically it takes 15-20 lbs of lead to achieve 1 mile in range. A Rule of Thumb is that 1/3 of the EVs weight should be batteries; the other 2/3 represents dead weight (i.e. frame, suspension, body, motor, etc). If you could decrease this dead weight to 1/2 leaving 1/2 for fuel, you would have superior performance.
   
 
Table 1
VEHICLEICE CURB WEIGHTVOLTAGE OF EVBATTERY MODELEDCURB WT (LBS)AVG RANGE (MILES)
SPORTS CARS
Pontiac Fiero25301205SHP336044
Honda CRX21751205SHP306047
Toyota MR22695144SCS225343040
Nissan Pulsar2025144SCS225286346
PASSENGER CARS
Ford Escort230096T-145345759
Geo Metro1695120SCS225245138
Honda Civic2260144SCS225306340
Saturn23001205SHP316542
VW Rabbit193096T-105296748
Notes
1. Calculations based on spreadsheet developed by Electric Vehicles of America, Inc.
2. Typically curb weight increases each model year.
3. Average range based on 1 percent grade at 50 mph - representing some traffic.
  
 Other Considerations
  
 Front Wheel Drive(FWD) vs Rear Wheel Drive (RWD)
 A FWD vehicle has the advantage of being more efficient; which improves range. However, front wheel drive vehicles typically have smaller engine compartments, which limit the location of batteries. Also, the front -wheel drive vehicle requires more weight (typically 60 percent) on the front axle. If you locate batteries in the trunk, the tail can wag the dog in rain or snow. This is a problem with many Geo Metros with batteries in the trunk.
In addition, the high voltage, high amperage EV controllers and motors can produce greater torque and horsepower than the original engine in the smaller FWD vehicles. This can produce a problem. There are two distinct limitations for FWD vehicle. During launch (initial take-off from a standing start) all cars tend to pitch up (front rotates up relative to back.) This is because the center of mass is above the force being exerted by the tires against the road. In a RWD, this pitch tends to plant the driven tires more firmly against the road, thus enhancing traction. In a FWD the effect is opposite. The force pressing the drive wheels against the road is reduced because of the pitch. If power is applied while the car is in a turn, RWD is much more stable. If the rear wheels spin, the car over-steers. If the front wheels spin, the car under-steers and may easily spin out.
  
 Availability of Spare Parts - Age of Vehicle
 Spare parts should be available. This availability is related to the production of that specific vehicle and which part of the country in which you live. Also the availability of after market parts for suspension upgrades can be important.
   
 Manual Vs. Automatic Transmission
 Most EV conversions are manual transmissions because they are more efficient than automatic transmissions and provide greater range, require less motor torque, require no transmission cooler, and are easier to convert. The problem with an automatic transmission is that it shifts at about 2000 rpm; the electric motor is usually designed to operate efficiently between 4000-5000 rpm. Consequently, the automatic transmission is a poor choice which results in decreased range. If you buy a vehicle with an automatic transmission, you can replace it with a manual transmission. The additional cost is $150 and up depending on the transmission and used auto parts dealer. Consider trading the automatic transmission.
  
 Power Steering
 Power steering is not recommended because of the continuous power required of the battery system. Even on many of the trucks that get converted, most people eliminate the power steering. The cost to change from power steering to a manual steering box is under $100 and less than 1 hour of work. The equal weight distribution allowed reasonable manual steering.
  
 Power Brakes
 Power brakes are a definite advantage as you increase the weight of the vehicle approximately 800-1200 lbs with the EV components. In many cases, this represents an increase of 2025 percent in the curb weight of the vehicle. Your goal should always be to have a safe vehicle. Power brakes unlike power steering are only an intermittent energy demand. A typical system requires a vacuum pump and a vacuum switch.
Curb Weight Curb weight is the weight of the vehicle parked at the curb. No passengers and no payload. If you want to have 1/3 to 1/2 of the finished weight in fuel; then the initial curb weight of the vehicle should be less than 3000 lbs. The Geo Metro is one one the lighter vehicles with a curb weight of 1695 lbs. Consequently, an 800 lb battery pack seems ideal, except that GVWR and weight distribution become a major problem.
GVWR and Distribution This is the most important consideration in any vehicle, because this directly affects the safety of the vehicle. As previously stated, converting an existing vehicle to an EV will add 800 - 1400 lbs in curb weight. Check the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of the vehicle including the tires presently on the vehicle to see if it is designed for this increase. The GVWR and each axle rating are located on the drivers side door jamb. If the GVWR of the vehicle is exceeded, then the vehicle frame, suspension system, and braking system may be beyond their design value.
Although the Geo Metro can perform with an 800 lb battery pack, the payload capacity of the vehicle is 600 lbs. Payload equals GVWR minus curb weight. With two people in the Geo, the available payload decreases to 300 lbs. Consequently, an 800 lb battery pack can lead to braking and handling (See FWD vs RWD above) as well as a long term fatique problem with the unibody. Therefore, the lightest vehicle is not always the best vehicle.
You must also consider where the EV components will be located. Where will the batteries be located; they are the bulk of the additional weight. Will the charger be carried onboard or offboard? How will this change in weight distribution affect the vehicles handling? In the 1973 VW, the majority of weight was on the rear wheels; this was great for snow.
  
C.Select a Vehicle to Convert
   
D.Look for an EV Kit for the vehicle you choose
 Kits will make the conversion significantly easier - they include all the parts, except batteries. A conversion kit will cost about $3,000 - $6,000 and the batteries, depending on how many you need, can cost from $700 - $4,000 , depending on the type you choose.
   
E.Gather the proper tools for the job
 Make sure you have access to the proper tools and supplies, and a place to do the conversion. You may need to rent equipment like engine hoists and contract out welding work. Contact EV veterans for advice and assistance.Go to our Links page, and look under Electric Vehicle Conversions.
   
F.Familiarize yourself with the EV components
 The most common batteries for EV conversions are lead-acid batteries, specifically, 12-volt sealed batteries.
   
G.Saftey
 Any project involving automobiles and tools has inherent risks. Be aware of these possible hazards to prevent damage to the vehicle and serious injury to you.
   
H.Remove ICE components
 Remove any ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) components, making room for the EV components.
  
I.Install EV components
 Install the motor, components, battery box, and batteries. Install the wiring for propulsion (traction pack), auxiliary power system (12-volt system), and traction pack charging system, and displays and controls.
  
J.Safety Testing
 Test the battery charger; check the wiring and fuses, connections. Then take it out for a spin and notice the quiet, smooth ride. Be sure to show it off!
  
3. How much will a typical Conversion Cost?
Not counting the cost of the donor vehicle, you will spend between $4,000 and $9,500. It depends on the type of vehicle you are converting, which determines the size motor, controller and number of batteries. The total cost also depends on how much metal work you can do yourself.
4. How much will I save on gas?
Gas Guzzler - Assumptions 
 Milage:20 miles/gallon
  Cost Per Gallon:$4.00 (US Ave.) / gallon
 Cost Per Mile:$0.20 / mile
   
Clean Electric -Assumptions 
 Electricity Cost:$0.07 / kWHr (Kilowatt Hour)
 Recharge Cost:Aprox. $0.84 / charge (12 Kw-hr / Charge)
 Vehicle Range:Aprox. 50 miles / charge
 Cost Per Mile:1.68 cents / mile
   
Savings -Assumptions 
  Savings Per Mile:($0.20 - $0.0168) = $0.1832 / mile
 Annual Miles Driven:12,000 miles / year
   
 Annual Savings:$2,198.40 Per Year
* Annual Savings Do Not Include the reduction in annual maintenance expenses! So, you could save more than estimated above.
5. Which vehicles are the most commonly used for conversions?
Vehicles most often converted have a 4 cyl. engine and a manual transmission.
Heres a list of some of the most common:
•VW - Bug or Beetle, Jeta, Golf, Rabbit, SciroccoVW BugDodge Rampage
•Dodge - Colt, Shadow, Rampage, Daytona
•Ford - Escort and Ranger
•Porche 914Ford EscortPorche 914
•Honda - Civic
•Datsun Pickup
•Plymouth - SundanceHonda CivicGeo Metro
•Pontiac - Fiero
•Geo - Metro
    
6. What driving range can I expect per charge?
Of course it all depends on the conversion – vehicle type along with the number and type of batteries. However, most people who drive electric street vehicles say they get between 30 and 60 miles per charge, without saying what they mean by charge. I believe it is only reasonable to state the range based on a 50% drop in charge capacity. You can go lower, but repeatedly going down to 40% and less capacity (remaining capacity) point will shorten the life of the batteries. Keep in mind that driving habits impact distance. For more detailed information regarding vehicle range, go to FAQ #2 - Section B, above.
7. How fast will my converted EV go?
Depending upon your vehicle type, set-up and application the average top speed is anywhere between 30 - 70 MPH (miles per hour)
8. How do electric cars work?
Electric cars are something that show up in the news all the time. There are several reasons for the continuing interest in these vehicles:
•Electric cars create less pollution than gasoline-powered cars, so they are an environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline-powered vehicles (especially in cities).
•Any news story about hybrid cars usually talks about electric cars as well.
•Vehicles powered by fuel cells are electric cars, and fuel cells are getting a lot of attention right now in the news.
  
An electric car is a car powered by an electric motor rather than a gasoline engine.

From the outside, you would probably have no idea that a car is electric. In most cases, electric cars are created by converting a gasoline-powered car, and in that case it is impossible to tell. When you drive an electric car, often the only thing that clues you in to its true nature is the fact that it is nearly silent.

Under the hood, there are a lot of differences between gasoline and electric cars:
•The gasoline engine is replaced by an electric motor .
•The electric motor gets its power from a controller .
•The controller gets its power from an array of rechargeable batteries .
  
Inside an Electric Car
The heart of an electric car is the combination of:
•The electric motor
•The motor controller
•The batteries
  
 
 A simple DC controller connected to the batteries and the DC motor. If the driver floors the accelerator pedal, the controller delivers the full battery voltage to the motor. If the driver takes his/her foot off the accelerator, the controller delivers zero volts to the motor. For any setting in between, the controller chops the battery voltage, thousands of times per second to create an average voltage somewhere between 0 and Full Battery pack voltage.
  
The controller takes power from the batteries and delivers it to the motor. The accelerator pedal hooks to a potentiometer (variable resistor), and this potentiometer provides the signal that tells the controller how much power it is supposed to deliver. The controller can deliver zero power (when the car is stopped), full power (when the driver floors the accelerator pedal), or any power level in between.
  
The controllers job in a DC electric car is easy to understand. Let us assume that the battery pack contains 12 12-volt batteries, wired in series to create 144 volts. The controller takes in 144 volts DC, and delivers it to the motor in a controlled way.

The very simplest DC controller would be a big on/off switch wired to the accelerator pedal. When you push the pedal, it would turn the switch on, and when you take your foot off the pedal, it would turn it off. As the driver, you would have to push and release the accelerator to pulse the motor on and off to maintain a given speed.

Obviously, that sort of on/off approach would work but it would be a pain to drive, so the controller does the pulsing for you. The controller reads the setting of the accelerator pedal from the potentiometers and regulates the power accordingly. Say that you have the accelerator pushed halfway down. The controller reads that setting from the potentiometer and rapidly switches the power to the motor on and off so that it is on half the time and off half the time. If you have the accelerator pedal 25 percent of the way down, the controller pulses the power so it is on 25 percent of the time and off 75 percent of the time.

Most controllers pulse the power more than 15,000 times per second, in order to keep the pulsation outside the range of human hearing. The pulsed current causes the motor housing to vibrate at that frequency, so by pulsing at more than 15,000 cycles per second, the controller and motor are silent to human ears.

Most DC controllers used in electric cars come from the electric forklift industry.
  
Electric Car Motors & Batteries
   
If the motor is a DC motor, then it may run on anything from 96 to 192 volts. Many of the DC motors used in electric cars come from the electric forklift industry.

DC installations tend to be simpler and less expensive. A typical motor will be in the 20,000-watt to 30,000-watt range. A typical controller will be in the 40,000-watt to 60,000-watt range (for example, a 96-volt controller will deliver a maximum of 400 or 600 amps). DC motors have the nice feature that you can overdrive them (up to a factor of 10-to-1) for short periods of time. That is, a 20,000-watt motor will accept 100,000 watts for a short period of time and deliver 5 times its rated horsepower. This is great for short bursts of acceleration. The only limitation is heat build-up in the motor. Too much overdriving and the motor heats up to the point where it self-destructs.

Right now, the weak link in any electric car is the batteries. There are at least six significant problems with current lead-acid battery technology:
•They are heavy (a typical lead-acid battery pack weighs 1,000 pounds or more).
•They are bulky (the car we are examining here has 50 lead-acid batteries, each measuring roughly 6 inches x 8 inches x 6 inches).
•They have a limited capacity (a typical lead-acid battery pack might hold 12 to 15 kilowatt-hours of electricity, giving a car a range of only 50 miles or so).
•They are slow to charge (typical recharge times for a lead-acid pack range between four to 10 hours for full charge, depending on the battery technology and the charger).
•They have a short life (three to four years, perhaps 200 full charge/discharge cycles).
•They are expensive (perhaps $2,000 for the battery pack shown in the sample car).
9. How do I determine the charge state of the batteries?
A simple way to measure state of charge is to measure the voltage of the battery bank a couple hours after you have driven it – and before you start charging, of course. The chart below is an example of one used to determine the percent charge remaining. You can make your own chart for the number of batteries you use. The third column, Individual Bat. Voltage, is simply multiplied by the number of batteries to create the first column. Many say that measuring the specific gravity is the best way to determine charge level, but who wants to mess with battery acid!
 
State of Charge - Unloaded
Battery Bank
Voltage - 96V
(16 Batteries)		% ChargeSingle Battery
Voltage		Specific
Gravity
(80°F)
101.901006.371.277
100.96906.311.258
100.00806.251.238
99.04706.191.217
97.9260 6.121.195
96.80506.051.172
95.68405.981.148
94.56305.911.124
93.28205.831.098
92.00105.751.073
 
10. What can I do, to keep the cost per mile as low as possible?
•Use low rolling resistance tires and keep the tire pressure up.
•Do not be a lead-foot. Its the same as a gas guzzler - take it easy.
•Learn to coast a lot - you are traveling for free when you coast.
•Use a high-efficiency charger so as not to waste energy while charging.
•Plug into the neighbors house instead of yours when charging. (Just Kidding!)
  
11. How much do batteries weigh?
The 6-V golf cart batteries are around 65 pounds each. The 12-V deep cycle batteries are usually about 75 pounds each.
12. How should I care for the batteries to ensure long life?
•Use a quality charger that has three charge phases: constant current, constant voltage with decreasing current and a lower constant voltage for the final phase. The final charge phase is often called the finishing phase or the soak-in phase. The charger should also provide a manual equalization charge mode that you can use at wide intervals to restore balance to your series connected batteries. Equalization removes sulphate build-up on the plates and helps restore performance.
•Keep the batteries charged.
•Do not routinely discharge the batteries down to 40% or less of remaining capacity .
•Check water levels in the batteries at least once per month, especially during hot weather. Only add water after charging, not before.
•Never add acid to the batteries.
•Inspect the battery terminals to ensure they are tight. A loose terminal connector has contact resistance that will create a large amount of power loss in the form of heat and even melt the lead terminal post down.
13. How long do batteries last before they must be replaced?
It depends on many variables. On average about 3 - 4 years.
14. Why can’t I just use deep-cycle 12-V batteries to save space and weight?
Assuming that your goal is to have the same voltage either way, you will have less capacity and range using the 12-V batteries. However, if the vehicle is small and light, 12-V batteries are the best option because of lack of space and the need for less weight. Many Geo Metro and VW Rabbit conversions use 12-V batteries. Realize that these are not 12-V automobile batteries. They are deep-cycle batteries intended for golf cart and other electric vehicle use. 8-V golf cart batteries are also available as a design option.
15. Why don't you use Lithium-ion batteries?
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are very expensive and they require an expensive charger and protection electronics for each battery. Some companies offer 12-V Li-ion batteries for vehicle applications at a cost of $2500 each plus another $500 each to cover the special electronics and charger. Compare one of these to two 6-V golf cart batteries at a cost of only $130.
16. What size cabling should I use for the high-current connections?
#2 should be the smallest cable size that you use to interconnect the batteries, high-current fuse, circuit breaker, high-current contactor, current shunt, controller and motor. #4 and #6 are smaller diameter sizes that should not be used – too much power loss and heating. Visit your local welding supply store to obtain a flexible welding cable of size #2, #1 or larger.
17. Should I use the wing-nut bolt or should I use terminal-post clamps?
Terminal-post clamps are best because they offer more contact surface area to handle the high current and will stay tight. If you decide instead to use the wing-nut bolt on each terminal post, make sure you use the correct size cable terminal end, usually a 5/16 in. hole and that you use a spring-type lock washer under the wing nut. If you fail to use the lock washer, the wing nut will become loose, contact resistance will increase rapidly, heat will increase dramatically and the terminal post will melt – not pretty.
 
18. Can I use an automatic transmission?
Most EV conversions are manual transmissions because they are more efficient than automatic transmissions and provide greater range, require less motor torque, require no transmission cooler, and are easier to convert. The problem with an automatic transmission is that it shifts at about 2000 rpm; the electric motor is usually designed to operate efficiently between 4000-5000 rpm. Consequently, the automatic transmission is a poor choice which results in decreased range. If you buy a vehicle with an automatic transmission, you can replace it with a manual transmission. The additional cost is $150 and up depending on the transmission and used auto parts dealer. Consider trading the automatic transmission.
19. Why do I need a transmission at all?
This is a very common question. If a transmission is not used, a gear ratio that allows the motor to start easily under load must be used. The idea behind this is to ensure that the motor is not over burdened when moving the vehicle from a dead stop. With such a starting and fixed gear ratio, the vehicle will reach a top speed that corresponds to the top safe RPM of the motor. For example, I can start off in 2nd gear and accelerate to about 30 mph. If the ratio of my second gear is to be used for a fixed gear ratio, my top speed will be about 30 mph. To get higher speeds, gear shifting is needed. Gear shifting allows for increased speed as the electric motor stays within its rpm design range.
20. What kind of meter(s) should I install so I can monitor as I drive?
Most people install both an ammeter and a voltmeter. The ammeter helps you determine when to shift gears and how to optimize the use of the gas pedal and conserve energy. The voltmeter is of little use at all because it will vary widely as you accelerate and coast. The voltmeter cannot tell you the true state of charge until the vehicle has rested for a couple hours. Unless it is a digital voltmeter, it will not be accurate enough anyway. So, an inexpensive multimeter can be used to measure your bank voltage until you are familiar with the discharge and range capabilities. If you have some extra money, you may be able to find a computing meter that keeps track of discharge and shows you what is left.
ex. Embedded Ammeter replaces the fuel gauge
21. After the conversion, will the vehicle be heavier?
Yes. The good news is that it is usually below the chassis and suspension ratings. The weight should be evenly distributed between the front and rear. For smaller vehicles, the suspension system will be challenged, especially with passengers. Add booster springs or shocks with coil springs.
22. Can I make my own adapters (motor-transmission mount, shaft-clutch)?
A few people have done so. However, you need access to a metal lathe and other precision tools. It is a difficult process that requires a precision outcome. Balance and alignment are critical. My advice is to buy these parts already precision manufactured and ready to bolt on. (See our EV Conversion Links)
ex. Typical Motor Adapter Assembly
23. Can I still have air conditioning?
Some people do try to keep the air conditioning. They use a motor that has a shaft sticking out of both ends. The front shaft interfaces with the flywheel and clutch assembly. The shaft sticking out the back end is used to mechanically connect to the airco compressor. Keep in mind that if you do this, you will have no airco when the motor is stopped, which as it turns out is a lot of the time during stops and coasting. Also, the energy needed for this airco comes from your battery bank, shortening your range.

Still have questions? Visit the Q & A section at Wilderness EV.
 
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